Audience in Rhetoric and Composition

In rhetoric and composition, audience  (from the Latin—audire: hear),  refers to the listeners or spectators at a speech or performance, or the intended readership for a piece of writing. James Porter notes that audience has been an important concern of Rhetoric since the fifth century B.C.E., and the injunction to consider audience is one of the oldest and most common suggestions to writers and speakers (Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, 1996). Examples and Observations Your readers, those people you are trying to reach with your writing, constitute your audience. The relationship between your audiences needs—based on its knowledge and level of expertise—and your own selection and presentation of evidence is important. Much of what you say and how you say it depends on whether your audience is a group of experts or a more general audience consisting of diverse people interested in your topic.Even the way you organize your writing and the amount of details you include—the terms you define, the amount of context you provide, the level of your explanations—depends in part on what your audience needs to know.(R. DiYanni and P. C. Hoy II, Scribners Handbook for Writers. Allyn, 2001) Knowing Your Audience Knowing your audience means understanding what it is that they want to know, what they are interested in, whether they agree with or oppose your central arguments, and whether they are likely to find your subject matter useful. You also need to keep in mind the diversity of the audience—some of them might want knowledge while others want to be entertained.(David E. Gray, Doing Research in the Real World. SAGE, 2009)In short, knowing your audience increases your ability to accomplish your purpose for writing.(George Eppley and Anita Dixon Eppley, Building Bridges to Academic Writing. McGraw-Hill, 1996)Writing a book is a solitary experience. I would hide from my own family in a tiny room next to our washer/dryer and type. To keep the writing from being too stiff, I tried to imagine I was having a conversation with a friend.(Tina Fey, Bossypants. Little, Brown, 2011)Forget your generalized audience. In the first place, the nameless, faceless audience will scare you to death and in the second place, unlike the theater, it doesnt exist. In writing, your audience is one single reader. I have found that sometimes it helps to pick out one person—a real person you know, or an imagined person and write to that one.(John Steinbeck, interviewed by Nathaniel Benchley. The Paris Review, Fall 1969) How to Increase Your Awareness of Audience You can increase your awareness of your  audience  by asking yourself a few questions before you begin to write: Who are to be your readers?What is their age level? background? education?Where do they live?What are their beliefs and attitudes?What interests them?What, if anything, sets them apart from other people?How familiar are they with your subject? ​(X.J.  Kennedy, et al.,  The Bedford Reader, 1997) Five Types of Audience We can distinguish five types of address in the process of hierarchical appeals. These are determined by the kinds of audiences we must court. First, there is the general public (They); second, there are community guardians (We); third, others significant to us as friends and confidants with whom we talk intimately (You which internalized becomes Me); fourth, the self we address inwardly in soliloquy (the I talking to its me); and fifth,  ideal audiences whom we address as ultimate sources of social order.(Hugh Dalziel Duncan, Communication and Social Order. Oxford University Press, 1968) Real and Implied Audiences The meanings of audience...tend to diverge in two general directions: one toward actual people external to a text, the audience whom the writer must accommodate; the other toward the text itself and the audience implied there, a set of suggested or evoked attitudes, interests, reactions, [and] conditions of knowledge which may or may not fit with the qualities of actual readers or listeners.(Douglas B. Park, The Meaning of Audience. College English, 44, 1982) A Mask for the Audience [R]hetorical situations involve imagined, fictionalized, constructed versions of the author and the audience. The authors create a narrator or speaker for their texts, sometimes called the persona—literally the mask of the authors, the faces they put forward to their audiences. But modern rhetoric suggests that the author makes a mask for the audience as well. Both Wayne Booth and Walter Ong have suggested that the authors audience is always a fiction. And Edwin Black refers to the rhetorical concept of audience as the second persona. Reader-response theory speaks of implied and ideal audiences. The point is that the author has already begun to craft the appeal as the audience is envisaged and assigned to a position...The success of the rhetoric  depends partly upon whether members of the audience are willing to accept the mask offered to them.(M. Jimmie Killingsworth, Appeals in Modern Rhetoric: An Ordinary-Language Approach. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005) Audience in the Digital Age Developments in computer-mediated communication—or the use of various forms of computer technology for writing, storing, and distributing electronic texts—raise new audience issues...As a writing tool, the computer influences the consciousness and practice of both writers and readers and changes how writers produce documents and how readers read them...Studies in hypertext and hypermedia point out how in these media readers contribute actively to textual construction in making their own navigation decisions. In the realm of interactive hypertext, the unitary notions of text and author are further eroded, as is any notion of the audience as a passive receiver.(James E. Porter, Audience. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1996)

International Management - 67196 Words

This page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited†¦show more content†¦The advent of social networking and other media has transformed the way citizens interact and how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally. The same can be said for mass collaboration efforts occurring through digital, online technology for the development of new and innovative systems, products, and ideas. Both social networking and mass collaboration bring new power and influence to individuals across borders and transform the nature of their relationships with global organizations. As in the past, these developments underscore and reinforce the importance of understanding different cultures, national systems, and corporate management practices around the world. Students and managers now recognize that all business is global and that the world is now interconnected not only geographically but also electronically and psychologically; it is hard to imagine any business or nonbusiness organization that is not directly affected by globalization. Yet, as cultural, political, and economic differences persist, savvy international managers must be able to develop a global mindset in order to effectively adjust, adapt, and navigate the changing landscape they face on a day-to-day basis. In this new eighth edition of International Management, we have taken care to retain theShow MoreRelatedInternational Management4838 Words   |  20 Pagesdifferences between internati onal, global, and multidomestic companies? Multinational company : An organization with multi country affiliates, each of which formulates its own business strategy based on perceived market differences. Global company : An organization that attempts to standardize and integrate operations worldwide in all functional areas. International company : Either a global or a multi domestic company Q2. Give examples to show how an international business manager mightRead MoreInternational Management2930 Words   |  12 Pagesbusinesses to succeed, cultural diversity has to be taken into consideration when formulating business plans and strategies. 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Trade barriers – government intervention in international trade 3.1 Free trade 3.2 Trade Barriers 3.3 Why Government Intervene in International Trade 3.3.1 Political Arguments

The White Indentured Servants Free Essays

In the 17th century the white indentured servants and black slaves were pretty much the same in everything but skin color. They cooperated in bacons rebellion in which the black slaves and white indentured servants worked together for a common cause. The slaves and indentured servants worked together to end the poverty and discontent of the people who had no land in Virginia. We will write a custom essay sample on The White Indentured Servants or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was the first rebellion in the American colonies that frontiers men took part in. It was the force of about a thousand Virginians that rose up in arms against Virginia governor William Berkley. This is because he refused to attack the Native Americans in retaliation for the natives attacking the poor frontiers men. Though it is believed it was bacons move against Governor William Berkley and his favoritism of certain members of the court. After Berkley refused to retaliate against the Native Americans who attacked the western frontiers men they took it into their own hands. They gathered around at the report of a new raiding party. They when and killed the some of the Native Americans and their families including some of the friendly Pamukey Indians. Nathanial Bacon criticized Governor William Berkley rule as one of unfair tax hikes, appointing friends in positions of power and failing to protect frontier settlers from native attacks. Then there were months of conflict for Bacons small army until he pulled a very bold and risky move. Bacons small army moved to Jamestown, the capital of Virginia, the burned Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676. This sent Governor William Berkley fleeing and also sent Bacons small army retreated across the river. Then before the British navel squadron arrived to help Governor William Berkley and his forces Nathanial Bacon died from dysentery on October 26, 1676. The rebellion didn’t last long after that. The Effect of this is that it is one of the only times that whites and blacks co operated in rebellion until the civil war. This also effectively removed William Berkley as governor. How to cite The White Indentured Servants, Essay examples